Smaller Opioid Medication Levels Can Curb Post-Surgical Knee Pain

Prescribing smaller quantities of opioid medication appears to be as effective in controlling postoperative pain after knee surgery as higher quantities and may help to limit the number of opioids prescribed and possible diversion of unused prescription opioid medication, according to research presented today at the American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine 2022 Annual Meeting.
 
“During the 21st century, opioid medication prescription and consumption has increased, which has led to an increase in opioid abuse, dependence, and fatal overdoses. Healthcare providers, particularly surgeons, have recently focused on decreasing the numberof opioids prescribed, as overprescribing is a known cause contributing to the opioid epidemic,” said Emma E. Johnson, from Rothmann Orthopaedics in Philadelphia.
 
Johnson and colleagues created a prospective, randomized trial with 135 patients who underwent primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction following an ACL tear. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three prescription groups pre-operatively: 15 tablets (41 patients), 25 tablets (40 patients), or 35 tablets (49 patients) of oxycodone-5mg. Standard of care nerve blocks was utilized in all patients in addition to general anesthesia for the surgical procedure.
 
“The purpose of this randomized, prospective trial was to evaluate the effects of different quantities of prescribed opioid tablets on opioid utilization by patients, post-operative pain, and patient satisfaction following ACL reconstruction,” Johnson reported.
 
Patients were instructed to take acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as needed with the opioid medication to be used for “breakthrough” pain. Patients in all three groups were asked to complete pain and medication logs twice daily for the first 14 days post-operatively, along with an opioid medication satisfaction survey at two weeks, and IKDC questionnaires before surgery and up to six months postoperatively.
 
There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean age at surgery (33.6 vs. 31.6 vs. 33.3; P=0.328), BMI (27.7 vs 26.1 vs. 25.7; P=0.525), or sex ratio (24M/17F, 20M/19F, 25M/24F;P=0.735). There were also no significant preoperative differences in subjective pain and function. There were no significant differences in mean total morphine milligram equivalents (MME) consumed between the three groups (72.3 in the 15-tablet group, 61.9 in the 25-tablet group, 78.1 in the 35-tablet group; P>0.05). There was a significant difference between those who received 15 tablets and those who received 25 and 35 tablets when asked if they thought they were prescribed too few/too many narcotics, with a greater percentage of the15-tablet group reporting that they felt they received too few at 20.6%, (P=0.05).
 
Johnson and her research colleagues found no significant difference between the three groups on subjective morning or afternoon pain for the first 14 days after surgery, total opioid pills consumed, patient satisfaction with the ability of the narcotic to treat their condition, patient satisfaction with the amount of pain relief they experienced since surgery, or patient satisfaction regarding the number of narcotics initially prescribed after surgery.
 
Finally, there was no difference between the three groups in postoperative function at two weeks, six weeks, three months, and six months, as measured by IKDC scores. Despite a significantly larger portion of the group who received 15 oxycodone tablets reporting that they felt they received too few opioid tablets, there was no difference between those who received 15, 25, or 35 oxycodone-5mg tablets in reported pain levels, opioid consumption, or any satisfaction metrics.
 
“Given these results, giving lower quantities of opioid medication appears to be as effective in appropriately controlling post-operative pain as higher quantities, and may help to limit the number of opioids prescribed and possible diversion of unused prescription opioid medication,” Johnson concluded.
 
The American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) is a global, sports medicine organization representing the interests of orthopedic surgeons and other professionals who provide comprehensive health services for the care of athletes and active people of all ages and levels. The organization cultivates evidence-based knowledge, provides extensive educational programming, and promotes emerging research that advances the science and practice of sports medicine. AOSSM is also a founding partner of the STOP Sports Injuries campaign to prevent overuse and traumatic injuries in kids.